135As regards the conditions relating to whether the damage actually occurred and whether there was a causal link, the European Union can incur non-contractual liability only if the applicant has genuinely suffered actual and certain damage and the damage must flow sufficiently directly from the alleged breach of a rule of EU law. It is for the applicant to adduce evidence before the EU Courts to establish the existence and extent of the damage it alleges and the existence of a sufficiently direct causal nexus between that infringement and the alleged damage (see, to that effect, judgment of 30 May 2017, Safa Nicu Sepahan v Council, C‑45/15 P, EU:C:2017:402, paragraphs 61 and 62 and the case-law cited).
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