119As regards the first part of that condition, according to well-established case-law, the rights of individuals arise not only where they are expressly granted by provisions of EU law, but also by reason of positive or negative obligations which those provisions impose in a clearly defined manner, whether on individuals, on the Member States or on the EU institutions, bodies and agencies (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 December 2022, Ministre de la Transition écologique and Premier ministre (Liability of the State for air pollution), C‑61/21, EU:C:2022:1015, paragraph 46). That rule also applies to obligations imposed by EU law in the context of cooperation between an agency of the European Union, such as Europol, and the Member States.
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