155That interpretation also helps to ensure that contracting authorities comply with the principle of proportionality, in accordance with the first subparagraph of Article 18(1) of that directive. It follows from that principle, which is a general principle of EU law, that the rules laid down by the Member States or the contracting authorities in implementing the provisions of that directive must not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of that directive (see, to that effect, judgments of 16 December 2008, Michaniki, C‑213/07, EU:C:2008:731, paragraph 48, and of 30 January 2020, Tim, C‑395/18, EU:C:2020:58, paragraph 45).
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