39It must first be recalled that, in the wording of recital 2 in its preamble, the aim of Directive 2008/115 is the establishment of an effective removal and repatriation policy, based on common standards, for persons to be returned in a humane manner and with full respect for their fundamental rights and dignity. As is apparent both from its title and from Article 1 thereof, Directive 2008/115 establishes to that end ‘common standards and procedures’ which must be applied by each Member State to the return of illegally staying third country nationals (see judgments in El Dridi, C‑61/11 PPU, EU:C:2011:268, paragraphs 31 and 32; Arslan C‑534/11, EU:C:2013:343, paragraph 42; and Pham, C‑474/13, EU:C:2014:2096, paragraph 20).
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