42As a preliminary point, it must be borne in mind that recital 2 in the preamble to Directive 2008/115 states that it pursues the establishment of an effective removal and repatriation policy, based on common standards, for persons to be returned in a humane manner and with full respect for their fundamental rights and their dignity. As is apparent from both its title and Article 1, Directive 2008/115 establishes for that purpose ‘common standards and procedures’ which must be applied by each Member State for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (Case C-61/11 PPU El Dridi [2011] ECR I-3015, paragraphs 31 and 32).
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