Preliminary reference · referred by the Svea hovrätt Patent- och marknadsöverdomstolen (Svea Court of Appeal, Patent and Market Court of Appeal, Stockholm, Sweden)
31Moreover, it should be noted that Article 2(d) of Directive 2005/29 defines the concept of ‘commercial practice’ in particularly broad terms (see, to that effect, judgment of 23 April 2009, VTB-VAB and Galatea, C‑261/07 and C‑299/07, EU:C:2009:244, paragraph 49). In that regard, the sole criterion referred to in that provision is that the trader’s practice must be directly connected with the promotion, sale or supply of a product or service to consumers (judgments of 19 September 2013, CHS Tour Services, C‑435/11, EU:C:2013:574, paragraph 27, and of 16 April 2015, UPC Magyarország, C‑388/13, EU:C:2015:225, paragraph 35).