77Apart from those specific rules, the rules adopted by sporting associations in order to govern paid work, the performance of services by or the establishment of professional or semi-professional players and, more broadly, those rules which, whilst not formally governing that work, that performance of services or that establishment, have a direct impact thereon, may come within the scope of Articles 45, 49 and 56 TFEU (judgment of 21 December 2023, European Superleague Company, C‑333/21, EU:C:2023:1011, paragraphs 85 and 86 and the case-law cited).
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