47To that end, the executing judicial authority must, as a first step, determine whether there is objective, reliable, specific and properly updated information to demonstrate that there is a real risk of breach, in the issuing Member State, of those fundamental rights on account of deficiencies such as those referred to in paragraph 45 above. That information may be obtained from, inter alia, judgments of international courts, decisions, reports and other documents produced by bodies of the Council of Europe or under the aegis of the United Nations, or information collected in the database of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) on the conditions of criminal detention in the European Union (Criminal Detention Database) (see, to that effect, judgments of 5 April 2016, Aranyosi and Căldăraru, C‑404/15 and C‑659/15 PPU, EU:C:2016:198, paragraph 89, and of 31 January 2023, Puig Gordi and Others, C‑158/21, EU:C:2023:57, paragraph 102).
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