80Regarding the first of these two categories of practices, which includes loyalty rebates, low-pricing practices in the form of selective or predatory prices and margin-squeezing practices, it is clear from the case-law that those practices must be assessed, as a general rule, using the ‘as-efficient competitor’ test, which seeks specifically to assess whether such a competitor, considered in abstracto, is capable of reproducing the conduct of the undertaking in a dominant position (see, inter alia, judgment of 17 February 2011, TeliaSonera, C‑52/09, EU:C:2011:83, paragraphs 41 to 43).
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