129The Court has already observed that the concept of ‘commercial practices’ is defined, in Article 2(d) of that directive, by means of a particularly broad formulation, the practices covered by it having to be commercial in nature, that is to say, originating from traders, and directly connected with the promotion, sale or supply of their products to consumers (see, to that effect, judgment of 25 July 2018, Dyson, C‑632/16, EU:C:2018:599, paragraph 30 and the case-law cited). Second, the words ‘directly connected with the sale of a product’, appearing in Article 2(d) of that directive, cover any measure taken in relation to, inter alia, the conclusion of a contract (see, to that effect, judgment of 20 July 2017, Gelvora, C‑357/16, EU:C:2017:573, paragraph 21). In that connection, a ‘product’ within the meaning of Article 2(c) of that directive refers to any goods or services, with no business sector being excluded (see, to that effect, judgment of 3 October 2013, Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs, C‑59/12, EU:C:2013:634, paragraph 29). Third, it is clear from Article 2(b) of the same directive that a ‘trader’ is ‘any natural or legal person’ who carries on a gainful activity, provided that the commercial practice is amongst the activities that a person provides in the course of his or her trade, business or profession (see, to that effect, judgment of 4 October 2018, Kamenova, C‑105/17, EU:C:2018:808, paragraphs 30 and 35 and the case-law cited), including where the practice is put to use by another undertaking, acting in the name or on behalf of that person (see, to that effect, judgment of 17 October 2013, RLvS, C‑391/12, EU:C:2013:669, paragraph 38).
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