87In so far as it lays down an exception to the prohibition on the use of defeat devices that reduce the effectiveness of emission control systems, that provision must be interpreted strictly (judgments of 14 July 2022, GSMB Invest, C‑128/20, EU:C:2022:570, paragraph 50; of 14 July 2022, Volkswagen, C‑134/20, EU:C:2022:571, paragraph 63; and of 14 July 2022, Porsche Inter Auto and Volkswagen, C‑145/20, EU:C:2022:572, paragraph 61).
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