59The concept of ‘State aid’ is thus broader than that of ‘subsidy’, since it may include not only positive benefits such as subsidies, loans or direct investment in the capital of undertakings, but also interventions which, in various forms, mitigate the charges which are normally included in the budget of an undertaking and which therefore, without being subsidies in the strict sense of the word, are of the same character and have the same effect (see, inter alia, judgments of 16 July 2015, BVVG, C‑39/14, EU:C:2015:470, paragraph 26, and of 20 September 2017, Commission v Frucona Košice, C‑300/16 P, EU:C:2017:706, paragraph 20).
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