65In addition, according to settled case-law, a directive cannot of itself impose obligations on an individual and cannot therefore be relied on as such against that individual before a national court (see, to that effect, judgments of 26 September 1996, Arcaro, C‑168/95, EU:C:1996:363, paragraph 36 and the case-law cited; of 17 July 2008, Arcor and Others, C‑152/07 to C‑154/07, EU:C:2008:426, paragraph 35; and of 22 January 2019, Cresco Investigation, C‑193/17, EU:C:2019:43, paragraph 72 and the case-law cited).
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