36The Court has made it clear that the possibility of relying, before a national court, on an unconditional and sufficiently precise provision of a directive which has not been transposed exists only for individuals and only in relation to ‘each Member State to which it is addressed’. It follows that a directive may not by itself create obligations for an individual and that a provision of a directive may not therefore be relied upon as such against such a person (judgments in Case 152/84Marshall [1986] ECR 723, paragraph 48, and in Case 80/86Kolpinghuis Nijmegen [1987] ECR 3969, paragraph 9). The Court has stated that this case-law seeks to prevent a Member State from taking advantage of its own failure to comply with Community law (judgments in Case C-91/92Faccini Dori [1994] ECR I-3325, paragraph 22, and Case C-192/94El Corte Inglés [1996] ECR I-1281, paragraph 16).