33Next, it is important to emphasise that the rights guaranteed to authors by Article 2(a) and Article 3(1) of Directive 2001/29 are preventive in nature, in the sense that any reproduction or communication to the public of a work by a third party requires the prior consent of its author (concerning the right of reproduction, see, to that effect, judgments of 16 July 2009, Infopaq International, C‑5/08, EU:C:2009:465, paragraphs 57 and 74, and of 4 October 2011, Football Association Premier League and Others, C‑403/08 and C‑429/08, EU:C:2011:631, paragraph 162, and, concerning the right of communication to the public, see, to that effect, judgments of 15 March 2012, SCF Consorzio Fonografici, C‑135/10, EU:C:2012:140, paragraph 75, and of 13 February 2014, Svensson and Others, C‑466/12, EU:C:2014:76, paragraph 15).
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