- active sales
means actively targeting customers by visits, letters, emails, calls or other means of direct communication or through targeted advertising and promotion, offline or online, for instance by means of print or digital media, including online media, price comparison services or advertising on search engines targeting customers in particular territories or customer groups, operating a website with a top-level domain corresponding to particular territories, or offering on a website languages that are commonly used in particular territories, where such languages are different from the ones commonly used in the territory in which the buyer is established;
- agreement
means an agreement, a decision of an association of undertakings or a concerted practice;
- competing undertakings
means undertakings which compete on the relevant market, that is to say:
- Connected undertakings
means:
- contract product
means a product produced, directly or indirectly, on the basis of the licensed technology rights;
- exclusive customer group
means a group of customers to which only one party to the technology transfer agreement is allowed to actively sell the contract products produced with the licensed technology;
- exclusive licence
means a licence under which the licensor itself is not permitted to produce on the basis of the licensed technology rights and is not permitted to license the licensed technology rights to third parties, in general or for a particular use or in a particular territory;
- exclusive territory
means a given territory within which only one undertaking is allowed to produce the contract products, but where it is nevertheless possible to allow another licensee to produce the contract products within that territory only for a particular customer where the second licence was granted in order to create an alternative source of supply for that customer;
- intellectual property rights
includes industrial property rights, in particular patents and trade marks, copyright and neighbouring rights;
- know-how
means a package of practical information resulting from experience and testing, which is:
- non-reciprocal agreement
means a technology transfer agreement where one undertaking grants another undertaking a technology rights licence, or where two undertakings grant each other such a licence but where those licences do not concern competing technologies and cannot be used for the production of competing products;
- passive sales
means sales made in response to unsolicited requests from individual customers, including delivery of goods or services to the customer, without the sale having been initiated by actively targeting the particular customer, customer group or territory, and including sales resulting from participating in public procurement or responding to private invitations to tender.
- product
means goods or services, including both intermediate goods and services and final goods and services;
- reciprocal agreement
means a technology transfer agreement where two undertakings grant each other, in the same or separate contracts, a technology rights licence, and where those licences concern competing technologies or can be used for the production of competing products;
- relevant geographic market
means the area in which the undertakings concerned are involved in the supply of and demand for products or the licensing of technology rights, in which the conditions of competition are sufficiently homogeneous, and which can be distinguished from neighbouring areas because the conditions of competition are appreciably different in those areas;
- relevant market
means the combination of the relevant product or technology market with the relevant geographic market;
- relevant product market
means the market for the contract products and their substitutes, that is to say all those products which are regarded as interchangeable or substitutable by the buyer, by reason of the products’ characteristics, their prices and their intended use;
- relevant technology market
means the market for the licensed technology rights and their substitutes, that is to say all those technology rights which are regarded as interchangeable or substitutable by the licensee, by reason of the technology rights’ characteristics, the royalties payable in respect of those rights and their intended use;
- selective distribution system
means a distribution system where the licensor undertakes to license the production of the contract products, either directly or indirectly, only to licensees selected on the basis of specified criteria and where those licensees undertake not to sell the contract products to unauthorised distributors within the territory reserved by the licensor to operate that system;
- technology rights
means know-how and the following rights, or a combination thereof, including applications for or applications for registration of those rights:
- technology transfer agreement
means: