Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/452

Contents

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005^note of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC, and in particular Article 14(1)(a) and Article 49(2) thereof,Whereas:

(1)For captan, propiconazole and spiroxamine, maximum residue levels (MRLs) were set in Annex II and Part B of Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.

(2)For captan, the European Food Safety Authority, hereinafter ‘the Authority’, submitted a reasoned opinion on the existing MRLs in accordance with Article 12(2) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 in conjunction with Article 12(1) thereof^note. It proposed to change the residue definition for plant commodities. It recommended raising or keeping the existing MRLs for certain products. It concluded that concerning the MRLs for apples, pears, quinces, medlar, loquat, apricots, cherries, peaches, plums, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, blueberries, currants, gooseberries and tomatoes some information was not available and that further consideration by risk managers was required. As there is no risk for consumers, the MRLs for these products should be set in Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 at the existing level or the level identified by the Authority. These MRLs will be reviewed; the review will take into account the information available within 2 years from the publication of this Regulation. The Authority concluded that concerning the MRLs for almonds, table grapes, wine grapes, potatoes, cucumbers, melons, scarole, leek, maize and sorghum no information was available and that further consideration by risk managers was required. The MRLs for these products should be set at the specific limit of determination.

(3)For propiconazole, the Authority submitted a reasoned opinion on the existing MRLs in accordance with Article 12(2) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 in conjunction with Article 12(1) thereof^note. It concluded that concerning the MRLs for grapefruit, lemons, limes, mandarins, apples, apricots, table and wine grapes, bananas, rape seed, barley grain, oats grain, rice grain, rye grain, wheat grain, sugar beet (root), swine muscle and fat, bovine muscle and fat, sheep muscle and fat, goat muscle and fat, poultry muscle and fat, cattle, sheep and goat milk and birds' eggs some information was not available and that further consideration by risk managers was required. As there is no risk for consumers, the MRLs for these products should be set in Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 at the existing level or the level identified by the Authority. These MRLs will be reviewed; the review will take into account the information available within 2 years from the publication of this Regulation. The Authority concluded that concerning the MRLs for almonds, cherries, plums, strawberries, currants (red, black and white), gooseberries, peppers, cucumbers, globe artichokes, peanuts and tea no information was available, and that further consideration by risk managers was required. The MRLs for these products should be set at the specific limit of determination.

(4)For spiroxamine, the Authority, submitted a reasoned opinion on the existing MRLs in accordance with Article 12(2) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 in conjunction with Article 12(1) thereof^note. It proposed to change the residue definition and concluded that concerning the MRLs for table and wine grapes, banana, barley, oats, rye, wheat, poultry muscle, fat and liver and birds' eggs some information was not available and that further consideration by risk managers was required. As there is no risk for consumers, the MRLs for these products should be set in Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 at the existing level or the level identified by the Authority. These MRLs will be reviewed; the review will take into account the information available within 2 years from the publication of this Regulation. As it is appropriate to set the residue definition for animal origin commodities as ‘spiroxamine carboxylic acid metabolite M06, expressed as spiroxamine (sum of isomers)’, sufficient information is available for setting MRLs for swine muscle, fat, liver and kidney, bovine muscle, fat, liver and kidney, sheep muscle, fat, liver and kidney, goat muscle, fat, liver and kidney, cattle, sheep and goat milk. As the MRLs for barley and oats of 0,4 mg/kg are based on a good agricultural practice that is no longer supported, the MRLs for those commodities should be reduced to 0,05 mg/kg.

(5)As regards products on which the use of the plant protection product concerned is not authorised, and for which no import tolerances or Codex maximum residue limits (CXLs) exist, MRLs should be set at the specific limit of determination or the default MRL should apply, as provided for in Article 18(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.

(6)The Commission consulted the European Union reference laboratories for residues of pesticides as regards the need to adapt certain limits of determination. As regards several substances, those laboratories concluded that for certain commodities technical development requires the setting of specific limits of determination.

(7)Based on the reasoned opinions of the Authority and taking into account the factors relevant to the matter under consideration, the appropriate modifications to the MRLs fulfil the requirements of Article 14(2) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.

(8)Through the World Trade Organisation, the trading partners of the Union were consulted on the new MRLs. Comments were received from several third countries on the new residue definition and MRL for captan in wine grapes. It is appropriate to temporarily maintain the existing residue definition and MRL in order to allow for the generation of residue data on wine grapes in line with the newly proposed residue definition. That MRL will be reviewed; the review will take into account the information available within 2 years from the publication of this Regulation.

(9)Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 should therefore be amended accordingly.

(10)In order to allow for the normal marketing, processing and consumption of products, this Regulation should provide for a transitional arrangement for products which have been produced before the modification of the MRLs and for which information shows that a high level of consumer protection is maintained.

(11)A reasonable period should be allowed to elapse before the modified MRLs become applicable in order to permit Member States, third countries and food business operators to prepare themselves to meet the new requirements which will result from the modification of the MRLs.

(12)The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed,

HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

Article 1 #

Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 are amended in accordance with the Annex to this Regulation.

Article 2 #

Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 as it stood before being amended by this Regulation shall continue to apply to products which were produced before 19 October 2016.

Article 3 #

This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.It shall apply from 19 October 2016.

(1)in Annex II, the columns for captan, propiconazole and spiroxamine are replaced by the following:Pesticide residues and maximum residue levels (mg/kg)Code number | Groups and examples of individual products to which the MRLs apply | Sum of captan and THPI, expressed as captan (R) (A) | Propiconazole (sum of isomers) (F) | Spiroxamine (sum of isomers) (A) (R)(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5)0100000 | FRUITS, FRESH or FROZEN; TREE NUTS | | |0110000 | Citrus fruits | 0,03 | | 0,010110010 | Grapefruits | | 5 (+) |0110020 | Oranges | | 9 |0110030 | Lemons | | 5 (+) |0110040 | Limes | | 5 (+) |0110050 | Mandarins | | 5 (+) |0110990 | Others | | 0,01 |0120000 | Tree nuts | 0,07 | | 0,050120010 | Almonds | | 0,01 |0120020 | Brazil nuts | | 0,01 |0120030 | Cashew nuts | | 0,01 |0120040 | Chestnuts | | 0,01 |0120050 | Coconuts | | 0,01 |0120060 | Hazelnuts/cobnuts | | 0,01 |0120070 | Macadamias | | 0,01 |0120080 | Pecans | | 0,02 |0120090 | Pine nut kernels | | 0,01 |0120100 | Pistachios | | 0,01 |0120110 | Walnuts | | 0,01 |0120990 | Others | | 0,01 |0130000 | Pome fruits | 10 (+) | | 0,010130010 | Apples | | 0,15 (+) |0130020 | Pears | | 0,01 |0130030 | Quinces | | 0,01 |0130040 | Medlars | | 0,01 |0130050 | Loquats/Japanese medlars | | 0,01 |0130990 | Others | | 0,01 |0140000 | Stone fruits | | | 0,010140010 | Apricots | 6 (+) | 0,15 (+) |0140020 | Cherries (sweet) | 6 (+) | 0,01 |0140030 | Peaches | 6 (+) | 5 |0140040 | Plums | 10 (+) | 0,01 |0140990 | Others | 0,03 | 0,01 |0150000 | Berries and small fruits | | |0151000 | (a)grapes | | 0,3 (+) |0151010 | Table grapes | 0,03 | | 0,6 (+)0151020 | Wine grapes | 0,02 (+) | | 0,5 (+)0152000 | (b)strawberries | 1,5 (+) | 0,01 | 0,010153000 | (c)cane fruits | | 0,01 | 0,010153010 | Blackberries | 20 (+) | |0153020 | Dewberries | 0,03 | |0153030 | Raspberries (red and yellow) | 20 (+) | |0153990 | Others | 0,03 | |0154000 | (d)other small fruits and berries | | | 0,010154010 | Blueberries | 30 (+) | 0,01 |0154020 | Cranberries | 0,03 | 0,3 |0154030 | Currants (black, red and white) | 30 (+) | 0,01 |0154040 | Gooseberries (green, red and yellow) | 30 (+) | 0,01 |0154050 | Rose hips | 0,03 | 0,01 |0154060 | Mulberries (black and white) | 0,03 | 0,01 |0154070 | Azaroles/Mediterranean medlars | 0,03 | 0,01 |0154080 | Elderberries | 0,03 | 0,01 |0154990 | Others | 0,03 | 0,01 |0160000 | Miscellaneous fruits with | 0,03 | |0161000 | (a)edible peel | | 0,01 | 0,010161010 | Dates | | |0161020 | Figs | | |0161030 | Table olives | | |0161040 | Kumquats | | |0161050 | Carambolas | | |0161060 | Kaki/Japanese persimmons | | |0161070 | Jambuls/jambolans | | |0161990 | Others | | |0162000 | (b)inedible peel, small | | 0,01 | 0,010162010 | Kiwi fruits (green, red, yellow) | | |0162020 | Litchis/lychees | | |0162030 | Passionfruits/maracujas | | |0162040 | Prickly pears/cactus fruits | | |0162050 | Star apples/cainitos | | |0162060 | American persimmons/Virginia kaki | | |0162990 | Others | | |0163000 | (c)inedible peel, large | | |0163010 | Avocados | | 0,01 | 0,010163020 | Bananas | | 0,15 (+) | 3 (+)0163030 | Mangoes | | 0,01 | 0,010163040 | Papayas | | 0,01 | 0,010163050 | Granate apples/pomegranates | | 0,01 | 0,010163060 | Cherimoyas | | 0,01 | 0,010163070 | Guavas | | 0,01 | 0,010163080 | Pineapples | | 0,02 | 0,010163090 | Breadfruits | | 0,01 | 0,010163100 | Durians | | 0,01 | 0,010163110 | Soursops/guanabanas | | 0,01 | 0,010163990 | Others | | 0,01 | 0,010200000 | VEGETABLES, FRESH or FROZEN | | |0210000 | Root and tuber vegetables | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010211000 | (a)potatoes | | |0212000 | (b)tropical root and tuber vegetables | | |0212010 | Cassava roots/manioc | | |0212020 | Sweet potatoes | | |0212030 | Yams | | |0212040 | Arrowroots | | |0212990 | Others | | |0213000 | (c)other root and tuber vegetables except sugar beets | | |0213010 | Beetroots | | |0213020 | Carrots | | |0213030 | Celeriacs/turnip rooted celeries | | |0213040 | Horseradishes | | |0213050 | Jerusalem artichokes | | |0213060 | Parsnips | | |0213070 | Parsley roots/Hamburg roots parsley | | |0213080 | Radishes | | |0213090 | Salsifies | | |0213100 | Swedes/rutabagas | | |0213110 | Turnips | | |0213990 | Others | | |0220000 | Bulb vegetables | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010220010 | Garlic | | |0220020 | Onions | | |0220030 | Shallots | | |0220040 | Spring onions/green onions and Welsh onions | | |0220990 | Others | | |0230000 | Fruiting vegetables | | | 0,010231000 | (a)solanacea | | |0231010 | Tomatoes | 1 (+) | 3 |0231020 | Sweet peppers/bell peppers | 0,03 | 0,01 |0231030 | Aubergines/eggplants | 0,03 | 0,01 |0231040 | Okra/lady's fingers | 0,03 | 0,01 |0231990 | Others | 0,03 | 0,01 |0232000 | (b)cucurbits with edible peel | 0,03 | 0,01 |0232010 | Cucumbers | | |0232020 | Gherkins | | |0232030 | Courgettes | | |0232990 | Others | | |0233000 | (c)cucurbits with inedible peel | 0,03 | 0,01 |0233010 | Melons | | |0233020 | Pumpkins | | |0233030 | Watermelons | | |0233990 | Others | | |0234000 | (d)sweet corn | 0,03 | 0,05 |0239000 | (e)other fruiting vegetables | 0,03 | 0,01 |0240000 | Brassica vegetables (excluding brassica roots and brassica baby leaf crops) | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010241000 | (a)flowering brassica | | |0241010 | Broccoli | | |0241020 | Cauliflowers | | |0241990 | Others | | |0242000 | (b)head brassica | | |0242010 | Brussels sprouts | | |0242020 | Head cabbages | | |0242990 | Others | | |0243000 | (c)leafy brassica | | |0243010 | Chinese cabbages/pe-tsai | | |0243020 | Kales | | |0243990 | Others | | |0244000 | (d)kohlrabies | | |0250000 | Leaf vegetables, herbs and edible flowers | | |0251000 | (a)lettuces and salad plants | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010251010 | Lamb's lettuces/corn salads | | |0251020 | Lettuces | | |0251030 | Escaroles/broad-leaved endives | | |0251040 | Cresses and other sprouts and shoots | | |0251050 | Land cresses | | |0251060 | Roman rocket/rucola | | |0251070 | Red mustards | | |0251080 | Baby leaf crops (including brassica species) | | |0251990 | Others | | |0252000 | (b)spinaches and similar leaves | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010252010 | Spinaches | | |0252020 | Purslanes | | |0252030 | Chards/beet leaves | | |0252990 | Others | | |0253000 | (c)grape leaves and similar species | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010254000 | (d)watercresses | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010255000 | (e)witloofs/Belgian endives | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010256000 | (f)herbs and edible flowers | 0,06 | 0,02 | 0,020256010 | Chervil | | |0256020 | Chives | | |0256030 | Celery leaves | | |0256040 | Parsley | | |0256050 | Sage | | |0256060 | Rosemary | | |0256070 | Thyme | | |0256080 | Basil and edible flowers | | |0256090 | Laurel/bay leave | | |0256100 | Tarragon | | |0256990 | Others | | |0260000 | Legume vegetables | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010260010 | Beans (with pods) | | |0260020 | Beans (without pods) | | |0260030 | Peas (with pods) | | |0260040 | Peas (without pods) | | |0260050 | Lentils | | |0260990 | Others | | |0270000 | Stem vegetables | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010270010 | Asparagus | | |0270020 | Cardoons | | |0270030 | Celeries | | |0270040 | Florence fennels | | |0270050 | Globe artichokes | | |0270060 | Leeks | | |0270070 | Rhubarbs | | |0270080 | Bamboo shoots | | |0270090 | Palm hearts | | |0270990 | Others | | |0280000 | Fungi, mosses and lichens | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010280010 | Cultivated fungi | | |0280020 | Wild fungi | | |0280990 | Mosses and lichens | | |0290000 | Algae and prokaryotes organisms | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,010300000 | PULSES | 0,07 | 0,01 | 0,010300010 | Beans | | |0300020 | Lentils | | |0300030 | Peas | | |0300040 | Lupins/lupini beans | | |0300990 | Others | | |0400000 | OILSEEDS AND OIL FRUITS | 0,07 | | 0,050401000 | Oilseeds | | |0401010 | Linseeds | | 0,01 |0401020 | Peanuts/groundnuts | | 0,01 |0401030 | Poppy seeds | | 0,01 |0401040 | Sesame seeds | | 0,01 |0401050 | Sunflower seeds | | 0,01 |0401060 | Rapeseeds/canola seeds | | 0,05 (+) |0401070 | Soyabeans | | 0,07 |0401080 | Mustard seeds | | 0,01 |0401090 | Cotton seeds | | 0,01 |0401100 | Pumpkin seeds | | 0,01 |0401110 | Safflower seeds | | 0,01 |0401120 | Borage seeds | | 0,01 |0401130 | Gold of pleasure seeds | | 0,01 |0401140 | Hemp seeds | | 0,01 |0401150 | Castor beans | | 0,01 |0401990 | Others | | 0,01 |0402000 | Oil fruits | | 0,01 |0402010 | Olives for oil production | | |0402020 | Oil palms kernels | | |0402030 | Oil palms fruits | | |0402040 | Kapok | | |0402990 | Others | | |0500000 | CEREALS | 0,07 | |0500010 | Barley | | 0,3 (+) | 0,05 (+)0500020 | Buckwheat and other pseudo-cereals | | 0,01 | 0,010500030 | Maize/corn | | 0,05 | 0,010500040 | Common millet/proso millet | | 0,01 | 0,010500050 | Oat | | 0,3 (+) | 0,05 (+)0500060 | Rice | | 1,5 (+) | 0,010500070 | Rye | | 0,04 (+) | 0,05 (+)0500080 | Sorghum | | 0,01 | 0,010500090 | Wheat | | 0,04 (+) | 0,05 (+)0500990 | Others | | 0,01 | 0,010600000 | TEAS, COFFEE, HERBAL INFUSIONS, COCOA AND CAROBS | 0,1 | | 0,050610000 | Teas | | 0,05 |0620000 | Coffee beans | | 0,02 |0630000 | Herbal infusions from | | 0,05 |0631000 | (a)flowers | | |0631010 | Chamomile | | |0631020 | Hibiscus/roselle | | |0631030 | Rose | | |0631040 | Jasmine | | |0631050 | Lime/linden | | |0631990 | Others | | |0632000 | (b)leaves and herbs | | |0632010 | Strawberry | | |0632020 | Rooibos | | |0632030 | Mate/maté | | |0632990 | Others | | |0633000 | (c)roots | | |0633010 | Valerian | | |0633020 | Ginseng | | |0633990 | Others | | |0639000 | (d)any other parts of the plant | | |0640000 | Cocoa beans | | 0,05 |0650000 | Carobs/Saint John's breads | | 0,05 |0700000 | HOPS | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050800000 | SPICES | | |0810000 | Seed spices | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050810010 | Anise/aniseed | | |0810020 | Black caraway/black cumin | | |0810030 | Celery | | |0810040 | Coriander | | |0810050 | Cumin | | |0810060 | Dill | | |0810070 | Fennel | | |0810080 | Fenugreek | | |0810090 | Nutmeg | | |0810990 | Others | | |0820000 | Fruit spices | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050820010 | Allspice/pimento | | |0820020 | Sichuan pepper | | |0820030 | Caraway | | |0820040 | Cardamom | | |0820050 | Juniper berry | | |0820060 | Peppercorn (black, green and white) | | |0820070 | Vanilla | | |0820080 | Tamarind | | |0820990 | Others | | |0830000 | Bark spices | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050830010 | Cinnamon | | |0830990 | Others | | |0840000 | Root and rhizome spices | | |0840010 | Liquorice | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050840020 | Ginger | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050840030 | Turmeric/curcuma | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050840040 | Horseradish | (+) | (+) | (+)0840990 | Others | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050850000 | Bud spices | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050850010 | Cloves | | |0850020 | Capers | | |0850990 | Others | | |0860000 | Flower pistil spices | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050860010 | Saffron | | |0860990 | Others | | |0870000 | Aril spices | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,050870010 | Mace | | |0870990 | Others | | |0900000 | SUGAR PLANTS | 0,03 | | 0,010900010 | Sugar beet roots | | 0,15 (+) |0900020 | Sugar canes | | 0,02 |0900030 | Chicory roots | | 0,01 |0900990 | Others | | 0,01 |1000000 | PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN -TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS | | |1010000 | Tissues from | | |1011000 | (a)swine | 0,03 | | 0,021011010 | Muscle | | 0,05 (+) |1011020 | Fat tissue | | 0,05 (+) |1011030 | Liver | | 0,5 |1011040 | Kidney | | 0,5 |1011050 | Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) | | 0,5 |1011990 | Others | | 0,01 |1012000 | (b)bovine | | |1012010 | Muscle | 0,09 | 0,05 (+) | 0,031012020 | Fat tissue | 0,06 | 0,07 (+) | 0,051012030 | Liver | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31012040 | Kidney | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,151012050 | Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31012990 | Others | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,021013000 | (c)sheep | | |1013010 | Muscle | 0,09 | 0,05 (+) | 0,031013020 | Fat tissue | 0,06 | 0,07 (+) | 0,051013030 | Liver | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31013040 | Kidney | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,151013050 | Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31013990 | Others | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,021014000 | (d)goat | | |1014010 | Muscle | 0,09 | 0,05 (+) | 0,031014020 | Fat tissue | 0,06 | 0,07 (+) | 0,051014030 | Liver | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31014040 | Kidney | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,151014050 | Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31014990 | Others | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,021015000 | (e)equine | | |1015010 | Muscle | 0,09 | 0,05 | 0,031015020 | Fat tissue | 0,06 | 0,07 | 0,051015030 | Liver | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31015040 | Kidney | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,151015050 | Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31015990 | Others | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,021016000 | (f)poultry | 0,03 | 0,01 |1016010 | Muscle | | (+) | 0,05 (+)1016020 | Fat tissue | | (+) | 0,05 (+)1016030 | Liver | | | 0,2 (+)1016040 | Kidney | | | 0,021016050 | Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) | | | 0,21016990 | Others | | | 0,021017000 | (g)other farmed terrestrial animals | | |1017010 | Muscle | 0,09 | 0,05 | 0,031017020 | Fat tissue | 0,06 | 0,07 | 0,051017030 | Liver | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31017040 | Kidney | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,151017050 | Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) | 0,09 | 0,5 | 0,31017990 | Others | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,021020000 | Milk | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,0151020010 | Cattle | | (+) |1020020 | Sheep | | (+) |1020030 | Goat | | (+) |1020040 | Horse | | |1020990 | Others | | |1030000 | Birds eggs | 0,03 | 0,01 (+) | 0,05 (+)1030010 | Chicken | | |1030020 | Duck | | |1030030 | Geese | | |1030040 | Quail | | |1030990 | Others | | |1040000 | Honey and other apiculture products | 0,05 | 0,05 | 0,051050000 | Amphibians and Reptiles | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,021060000 | Terrestrial invertebrate animals | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,021070000 | Wild terrestrial vertebrate animals | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,02

(2)in Annex III, Part B, the columns for captan, propiconazole and spiroxamine are deleted.

Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 are amended as follows:

Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/452

Article 1 #

Article 2 #

Article 3 #

Connections

Key facts

History · 2 versions

Article 1 #

Article 2 #

Article 3 #

Article 1#

Article 2#

Article 3#

Connections

Key facts

History · 2 versions

Article 1#

Article 2#

Article 3#

Article 1 #

Article 2 #

Article 3 #

Article 1 #

Article 2 #

Article 3 #