Recital (10) · Directive (EU) 2023/958

(10)In addition to CO₂, aviation affects the climate through non-CO₂ emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx), soot particles, oxidised sulphur species, and effects from water vapour, as well as through atmospheric processes caused by such emissions, for example the formation of ozone and contrail cirrus. The climate impact of such non-CO₂ emissions depends on the type of fuel and engines used, on the location of the emissions, in particular the cruise altitude of the aircraft, and its position in terms of latitude and longitude, as well as the time of the emissions and the weather conditions at that time. Based upon the Commission’s impact assessment of 2006 on the inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS, Directive 2008/101/EC recognised that aviation has an impact on the global climate through the release of non-CO₂ emissions. Article 30(4) of Directive 2003/87/EC, as amended by Directive (EU) 2018/410 of the European Parliament and of the Council^note, required the Commission to present an updated analysis of the non-CO₂ effects of aviation, accompanied, where appropriate, by a proposal on how best to address those effects, before 1 January 2020. To fulfil that requirement, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) conducted an updated analysis of the non-CO₂ effects of aviation on climate change and published its study on 23 November 2020. The findings of that study confirmed what had been previously estimated, namely that the non-CO₂ climate impacts of aviation activities are, in total, at least as significant as those of CO₂ alone.

Directive (EU) 2023/958

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