34In the first place, as regards the scope of the automatic nullity provided for in Article 101(2) TFEU, it follows from settled case‑law that, once the conditions for the application of Article 101(1) TFEU are met and so long as the agreement concerned does not justify the grant of an exemption under Article 101(3) TFEU, the nullity referred to in Article 101(2) TFEU can be relied on by anyone, and the courts are bound by it. Since that nullity is absolute, it is capable of having a bearing on all the effects, either past or future, of the agreement concerned (see, to that effect, judgments of 13 July 2006, Manfredi and Others, C‑295/04 to C‑298/04, EU:C:2006:461, paragraph 57; of 11 September 2008, CEPSA, C‑279/06, EU:C:2008:485, paragraph 74; and of 25 January 2024, Em akaunt BG, C‑438/22, EU:C:2024:71, paragraph 58).