48In accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, it is for every Member State to ensure that the bodies which are called upon, as a ‘court or tribunal’ within the meaning of EU law, to rule on questions relating to the application or interpretation of EU law and which thus come within its judicial system meet the requirements of effective judicial protection, including that of independence (see, to that effect, judgment of 4 September 2025, AW ‘T’, C‑225/22, EU:C:2025:649, paragraph 47 and the case-law cited).