39That is true of the referring court, which may be called upon to rule on questions relating to the application or interpretation of EU law and, as a ‘court or tribunal’ within the meaning of EU law, comes under the Romanian judicial system in the ‘fields covered by Union law’, within the meaning of the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, so that that court must meet the requirements of effective judicial protection (judgment of 4 September 2025, AW ‘T’, C‑225/22, EU:C:2025:649, paragraph 38 and the case-law cited).