23Furthermore, it should be recalled that, although the European Union is not a party to the Berne Convention, it is nevertheless obliged, under Article 1(4) of the WIPO Copyright Treaty, to comply, inter alia, with Article 2(1) of that convention. According to the wording of the latter provision, literary and artistic works are to include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever the mode or form of its expression may be, such as books, pamphlets and ‘other writings’ (see, to that effect, judgment of 13 November 2018, Levola Hengelo, C‑310/17, EU:C:2018:899, paragraphs 38 and 39 and the case-law cited).