18As a preliminary point, it should be recalled that, under Article 2(a) of that directive, Member States are to provide authors with the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit direct or indirect reproduction by any means and in any form of their ‘works’. Thus, subject matter can be protected by copyright under that directive only if such subject matter can be classified as a ‘work’ within the meaning of that provision (see, to that effect, judgment of 29 July 2019, Funke Medien NRW, C‑469/17, EU:C:2019:623, paragraph 18).