European Commission v Republic of Poland (C-448/23)
law://eu/cjeu/2023/c-448-23/para_267@2026-11-14
Key facts
Court
Court of Justice · Grand Chamber
Case
C-448/23 · ECLI:EU:C:2025:975
Decided
18 Dec 2025
Procedure
Infringement action
Applicant
European Commission
Defendant
Republic of Poland
Rapporteur
T. von Danwitz
Advocate General
D. Spielmann
Bench
15 judgesK. Lenaerts, T. von Danwitz, F. Biltgen, I. Jarukaitis, M.L. Arastey Sahún, I. Ziemele, J. Passer, O. Spineanu-Matei, M. Condinanzi, F. Schalin, A. Kumin, N. Jääskinen, D. Gratsias, Z. Csehi, B. Smulders
267It is true that not every error that may take place during the procedure for the appointment of a judge is of such a nature as to cast doubt on the independence and impartiality of that judge and, accordingly, on whether a formation which includes that judge can be considered to be an ‘independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law’ within the meaning of EU law (judgment of 29 March 2022, Getin Noble Bank, C‑132/20, EU:C:2022:235, paragraph 123).