73Lastly, it should be noted that a preliminary ruling, such as the judgment of 14 July 2016, Promoimpresa and Others (C‑458/14 and C‑67/15, EU:C:2016:558), clarifies and defines where necessary the meaning and scope of the rule set out in that provision of Directive 2006/123 as it must be, or ought to have been, understood and applied from the time at which it entered into force, that is, in accordance with Article 44 of that directive, from 28 December 2009 at the latest. It follows that that rule as thus interpreted must be applied by the courts even to legal relationships arising and established before that judgment (see, to that effect, judgments of 27 March 1980, Denkavit italiana, 61/79, EU:C:1980:100, paragraph 16, and of 22 February 2022, RS (Effect of the decisions of a constitutional court), C‑430/21, EU:C:2022:99, paragraph 77).
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