42In the scheme of Directive 2011/95, the assessment of the well-foundedness of an applicant’s fear of being persecuted on account of his or her ‘political opinion’ or ‘political characteristic’, within the meaning of Article 10(1)(e) and (2) of that directive, must, in accordance with Article 4(3) thereof, be individual in character and be carried out on a case-by-case basis. When the competent national authorities carry out such an assessment, they must determine whether the circumstances established constitute such a threat that the person concerned may reasonably fear, in the light of his or her individual situation, that he or she will in fact be subject to acts of persecution. That determination, which must, in all cases, be carried out with vigilance and care, must be based solely on a specific evaluation of the facts and circumstances, in accordance with the rules laid down in particular by Article 4(3) to (5) of the said directive (see, to that effect, judgment of 5 September 2012, Y and Z, C‑71/11 and C‑99/11, EU:C:2012:518, paragraphs 76 and 77).
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