49Nevertheless, the application of Article 50 of the Charter extends, irrespective of the classification of criminal proceedings and penalties under national law, to proceedings and to penalties which must be considered to have a criminal nature on the basis of the other two criteria referred to in paragraph 47 above (see, to that effect, judgments of 23 March 2023, Dual Prod, C‑412/21, EU:C:2023:234, paragraph 29, and of 4 May 2023, MV – 98, C‑97/21, EU:C:2023:371, paragraph 41).
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