55In the fourth place, in so far as the referring court asks the Court whether acts such as those referred to in recital 30 of Directive 2011/95 may be taken into consideration in order to determine the distinct identity of a ‘social group’ within the meaning of Article 10(1)(d) of that directive, it must be stated that membership of a particular social group is to be established independently of the acts of persecution, within the meaning of Article 9 of that directive, of which the members of that group may be victims in the country of origin.
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