25As regards the concept of ‘consumer’, within the meaning of Article 2(b) of Directive 93/13, it is clear from the settled case-law of the Court that that concept is objective in nature. It must be assessed by reference to a functional criterion, consisting in an assessment of whether the contractual relation at issue has arisen in the course of activities outside a trade, business or profession (order of 14 September 2016, Dumitraș, C‑534/15, EU:C:2016:700, paragraph 32 and the case-law cited).
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