271The principle of the primacy of EU law, which is also constitutional in nature, requires, in accordance with the settled case-law referred to in paragraph 228 of the present judgment, that the national courts which are called upon, within the limits of their jurisdiction, to apply provisions of EU law, ensure that those provisions are fully effective in the disputes before them, if necessary refusing of their own motion to apply any provision of national law which is contrary to a provision of EU law having direct effect, without requesting or waiting for that provision of national law to be first set aside by legislative or other constitutional means.
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