30Therefore, in order to determine the temporal applicability of the provisions of Directive 2014/104, it is necessary to establish, in the first place, whether or not the provision concerned constitutes a substantive provision, it being specified that that question must be assessed, in the absence of a reference to national law in Article 22 of Directive 2014/104, in the light of European Union law and not in the light of the applicable national law (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 June 2022, Volvo and DAF Trucks, C‑267/20, EU:C:2022:494, paragraphs 38 and 39).
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