27It should be recalled at the outset, as regards the application ratione temporis of Directive 2014/104, that that directive contains a special provision which explicitly states the conditions for the temporal application of its substantive and non-substantive provisions (see judgment of 22 June 2022, Volvo and DAF Trucks, C‑267/20, EU:C:2022:494, paragraph 35 and the case-law cited).
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