1071As regards, in the second place, the proportionality as such of point 3 of Article 1 of Regulation 2020/1055, in so far as it inserts paragraph 1(g) in Article 5 of Regulation No 1071/2009, it should be pointed out that, as is apparent from recital 6 of Regulation 2020/1055, the objective of that provision, against which its proportionality must be assessed, is to combat the phenomenon of ‘letterbox’ companies by ensuring that road transport undertakings established in a Member State have a real and permanent presence in that Member State and carry out their transport activities from there. In so doing, that provision pursues an objective of general interest recognised by EU law, relating to the prevention of abusive practices and, in particular, conduct involving the creation of wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect economic reality (see, to that effect, judgments of 6 April 2006, Agip Petroli, C‑456/04, EU:C:2006:241, paragraphs 19 to 25; of 12 September 2006, Cadbury Schweppes and Cadbury Schweppes Overseas, C‑196/04, EU:C:2006:544, paragraphs 51, 55, 57, 67 and 68; and of 26 February 2019, X (Controlled companies established in third countries), C‑135/17, EU:C:2019:136, paragraph 82).
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