28In that regard, it should be recalled at the outset that, according to settled case-law, procedural rules are generally taken to apply from the date on which they enter into force, unlike substantive rules, which are usually interpreted as applying to situations existing before their entry into force only in so far as it follows clearly from their terms, their objectives or their general scheme that such an effect must be given to them (judgment of 7 November 2018, O’Brien, C‑432/17, EU:C:2018:879, paragraph 26 and the case-law cited).
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