25In order to answer the first question, it should be borne in mind, in the first place, that the principle of the primacy of EU law establishes the pre-eminence of EU law over the law of the Member States and requires all Member State bodies to give full effect to the various EU provisions, and the law of the Member States may not undermine the effect accorded to those various provisions in the territory of those States (judgment of 24 June 2019, Popławski, C‑573/17, EU:C:2019:530, paragraphs 53 and 54 and the case-law cited).
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