48To answer that question, it must be borne in mind, first of all, that, under the Court’s settled case-law, consideration of economic and commercial realities is a fundamental criterion for the application of the common system of VAT (judgment of 22 November 2018, MEO – Serviços de Comunicações e Multimédia, C‑295/17, EU:C:2018:942, paragraph 43 and the case-law cited).
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