49In addition, particular attention must be paid to the fact that the object or substance in question is not or is no longer of any use to its holder, such that that object or substance constitutes a burden which that holder will seek to discard. If that is indeed the case, there is a risk that that holder will dispose of the object or substance in his or her possession in a way likely to cause harm to the environment, particularly by dumping it or disposing of it in an uncontrolled manner. That object or substance, because it falls within the concept of ‘waste’ within the meaning of Directive 2008/98, is subject to the provisions of that directive, which means that the recovery or disposal of that object or substance must be carried out in such a way that human health is not endangered and without using processes or methods likely to harm the environment (judgment of 4 July 2019, Tronex, C‑624/17, EU:C:2019:564, paragraph 22).
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