23It is the Court’s settled case-law that the concept of ‘matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict’ within the meaning of point 2 of Article 7 of Regulation No 1215/2012 covers all actions which seek to establish the liability of a defendant and do not concern matters relating to a contract within the meaning of point 1(a) of Article 7 of that regulation (see, to that effect, judgments of 27 September 1988, Kalfelis, 189/87, EU:C:1988:459, paragraph 18, and of 12 September 2018, Löber, C‑304/17, EU:C:2018:701, paragraph 19), that is to say, actions not based on a legal obligation freely consented to by one person towards another (judgment of 20 January 2005, Engler, C‑27/02, EU:C:2005:33, paragraph 51).
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