45In the light of the considerations set out in paragraphs 35 to 44 above, it must be held that the safeguards afforded by the second paragraph of Article 47 and Article 48 of the Charter, with which EU institutions as well as Member States must comply when they implement EU law, include, inter alia, the right to silence of natural persons who are ‘charged’ within the meaning of the second of those provisions. That right precludes, inter alia, penalties being imposed on such persons for refusing to provide the competent authority under Directive 2003/6 or Regulation No 596/2014 with answers which might establish their liability for an offence that is punishable by administrative sanctions of a criminal nature, or their criminal liability.
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