212If the referring court in Cases C‑357/19, C‑811/19 and C‑840/19 were to come to the conclusion set out in paragraph 203 above, the application of the national standard of protection relied on by PM, should it prove to be established, could compromise the primacy, unity and effectiveness of EU law, in particular Article 325(1) TFEU, read in conjunction with Article 2 of the PFI Convention, and Decision 2006/928. In that scenario, the application of that national standard of protection would entail a systemic risk of acts constituting serious fraud affecting the European Union’s financial interests or corruption in general going unpunished, in breach of the requirement, arising from those provisions, that provision be made for effective deterrent penalties in order to combat offences of that kind.
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