31Hence, despite the reference to ‘national laws and/or practice’ in Article 2 of Directive 2003/88, Member States may not unilaterally determine the scope of the concepts of ‘working time’ and ‘rest period’ by making the right, which is granted directly to workers by that directive, to have working periods and corresponding rest periods duly taken into account, subject to any condition or any restriction whatsoever. Any other interpretation would frustrate the effectiveness of Directive 2003/88 and undermine its objective (see, to that effect, judgments of 9 September 2003, Jaeger, C‑151/02, EU:C:2003:437, paragraph 59; and of 1 December 2005, Dellas and Others, C‑14/04, EU:C:2005:728, paragraph 45; and order of 11 January 2007, Vorel, C‑437/05, EU:C:2007:23, paragraph 26).
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