33In the second place, it should be recalled that Directive 2004/38 introduced a gradual system as regards the right of residence in the host Member State, which reproduces, in essence, the stages and conditions set out in the various instruments of EU law and case-law preceding that directive and culminates in the right of permanent residence (judgment of 17 April 2018, B and Vomero, C‑316/16 and C‑424/16, EU:C:2018:256, paragraph 51 and the case-law cited).
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