32It is therefore necessary to determine whether duties such as those at issue in the main proceedings can come within the scope of the exception provided for in the first subparagraph of Article 2(2) of Directive 89/391, which must be interpreted in such a way that its scope is restricted to what is strictly necessary in order to safeguard the interests which it allows the Member States to protect (judgments of 5 October 2004, Pfeiffer and Others, C‑397/01 to C‑403/01, EU:C:2004:584, paragraph 54, and of 20 November 2018, Sindicatul Familia Constanţa and Others, C‑147/17, EU:C:2018:926, paragraph 53).
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