39In the third place, since the immunity provided for in Article 8 of the Protocol is capable of definitively preventing judicial authorities and national courts from exercising their respective jurisdictions in the field of prosecutions and penalties for criminal offences and, as a corollary, denying the persons harmed by those opinions a judicial remedy, including, as the case may be, claiming compensation before the civil courts for the harm suffered, the connection between the opinion expressed by the Member and his or her parliamentary duties must be direct and obvious (see, to that effect, judgment of 6 September 2011, Patriciello, C‑163/10, EU:C:2011:543, paragraphs 33 to 35).
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