56It is settled case-law that that chapter applies even to purely domestic situations, namely those where all the relevant elements are confined to a single Member State (judgments of 30 January 2018, X and Visser, C‑360/15 and C‑31/16, EU:C:2018:44, paragraph 110; of 4 July 2019, Commission v Germany, C‑377/17, EU:C:2019:562, paragraph 58; and of 4 July 2019, Kirschstein, C‑393/17, EU:C:2019:563, paragraph 24).
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