68Finally, it must be recalled that, according to settled case-law, the Member States’ obligation arising from a directive to achieve the result envisaged by that directive and their duty, under Article 4(3) TEU, to take all appropriate measures, whether general or particular, to ensure the fulfilment of that obligation are binding on all the authorities of the Member States, including, for matters within their jurisdiction, the courts (see, inter alia, judgments of 19 April 2016, DI, C‑441/14, EU:C:2016:278, paragraph 30, and of 13 December 2018, Hein, C‑385/17, EU:C:2018:1018, paragraph 49).
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