47According to the case-law of the Court, while presumptions of fact or of law operate in every legal system, Article 48 of the Charter requires the Member State to remain within certain limits as regards criminal law. More specifically, the presumption of innocence, which is enshrined in that provision, requires the Member States to confine presumptions of fact or law provided for in the criminal law within reasonable limits, taking into account the importance of what is at stake and maintaining the rights of the defence (judgment of 23 December 2009, Spector Photo Group and Van Raemdonck, C‑45/08, EU:C:2009:806, paragraph 43).
Source: EUR-Lex, © European Union, 1998-2026. Reuse authorised under Decision 2011/833/EU.