44Regarding, in particular, the expression ‘the granting and the negotiation of credit’ used in that provision, that expression must be interpreted broadly, so that its scope cannot be limited only to loans and credit granted by banking and financial institutions (see, to that effect, judgments of 27 October 1993, Muys’ en De Winter’s Bouw- en Aannemingsbedrijf, C‑281/91, EU:C:1993:855, paragraph 13; of 22 October 2015, Hedqvist, C‑264/14, EU:C:2015:718, paragraph 37; and of 18 October 2018, Volkswagen Financial Services (UK), C‑153/17, EU:C:2018:845, paragraph 35).
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