21According to settled case-law, freedom of establishment for nationals of one Member State on the territory of another Member State includes the right to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons (see, inter alia, judgments of 28 January 1986, Commission v France, 270/83, EU:C:1986:37, paragraph 13; of 29 April 1999, Royal Bank of Scotland, C‑311/97, EU:C:1999:216, paragraph 22; and of 1 October 2009, Gaz de France — Berliner Investissement, C‑247/08, EU:C:2009:600, paragraph 54). By contrast, any national of the European Union who, irrespective of his place of residence and his nationality, has exercised the right to freedom of movement for workers and who has been employed in a Member State other than that of his residence comes within the scope of Article 45 TFEU (see, inter alia, judgments of 12 December 2002, de Groot, C‑385/00, EU:C:2002:750, paragraph 76, and of 28 February 2013, Petersen, C‑544/11, EU:C:2013:124, paragraph 34).
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