64Directive 2003/87 thus aims to reduce, by 2020, the overall greenhouse gas emissions of the European Union by at least 20% in comparison with 1990 levels, in an economically efficient manner (judgments of 8 September 2016, E.ON Kraftwerke, C‑461/15, EU:C:2016:648, paragraph 23; of 22 February 2018, INEOS Köln, C‑572/16, EU:C:2018:100, paragraph 28; and of 28 February 2018, Trinseo Deutschland, C‑577/16, EU:C:2018:127, paragraph 41).
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